Definition
A security audit is a systematic evaluation of an organization's information systems to ensure they meet security requirements and are protected against threats. It involves examining security policies, procedures, controls, and actual system configurations to identify vulnerabilities and compliance gaps. During an audit, auditors gather evidence through interviews, observation, and technical testing to assess the effectiveness of existing security measures. This process is crucial for maintaining data integrity, protecting sensitive information, and ensuring regulatory compliance, ultimately reducing the risk of security breaches. For instance, an auditor might review access logs to confirm that only authorized personnel can access critical systems. Unlike a penetration test which actively exploits vulnerabilities, a security audit primarily focuses on assessment and reporting. Security audit concepts are fundamental to certifications like CompTIA Security+, CySA+, and CISSP.